For too long, the ideology of Western exceptionalism and illiberal liberal globalism has reigned. Trump’s success proves that there is a vast number of Americans who agree and harbor disgust and anger for the system that took their jobs and left their communities devastated. These Americans are invisible to foreign policy elites. Until they are seen, and their anger is understood, the looming threat of fascism in the US and across the Western world will not disappear. Albright and others see Trump as authoritarian. They should know, since it takes one to know one.
“Freedom’s utter frustration in fascism is, indeed, the inevitable result of the liberal philosophy, which claims that power and compulsion are evil, that freedom demands their absence from a human community. No such thing is possible; in a complex society this becomes apparent. This leaves no alternative but either to remain faithful to an illusionary idea of freedom and deny the reality of society, or to accept that reality and reject the idea of freedom. The first is the liberal’s conclusion; the latter the fascist’s.”[i]– Karl Polanyi
“There is nothing real outside our perception of reality.”[ii]– Brian O’Blivion
Sensing a looming second Trump term, the illiberal liberal class and its goons in the corporate media are crying and screaming. The usual suspects are here to tell us why a second Trump term would be not only a disaster for America, but a plunge into fascism. The honorable Liz Cheney, who has been showered with praise and publicity since her break with the Republican party over Trump and his attempts to thwart Biden’s election in 2020, said in a media appearance promoting her ridiculous new anti-Trump book, that “One of the things that we see happening today is a sort of sleepwalking into dictatorship in the United States,”[iii] That sleepwalk was underway long before Trump was ever elected or even considered running for office. The Cheney family, along with the Clinton’s, the Bush’s, the Biden’s, the Obama’s, and the other political dynasties in the US, are responsible for more death and destruction than Trump and his acolytes.
Cheney, like her father, supports endless war, extrajudicial slaughter overseas, and extraordinary rendition and torture, and yet, we’re supposed to revere her because she turned against Trump, losing her seat in Congress by a massive 36 points and being effectively excised from the Republican party in the process. Her new book, ‘Oath and Honor’, is being hailed by the illiberal liberal class as more evidence that Trump is a grave threat to the American Republic. Katherine Miller writes in an New York Times article on a scene in Cheney’s new memoir regarding J6 that “Since Jan. 6, Ms. Cheney has emphasized the way that institutions require the people in them to actively make choices rather than passively accept events. Good norms and procedures are meant to guide people toward moral and responsible actions so no one individual is required to act with any particular heroism.”[iv] The notion that Cheney, of all people, is a worthy representative of following ‘good norms and procedures’ and ‘moral and responsible actions’ is absurd. It is shameful that those who oppose Trump vehemently are embracing figures like her.
It was only until J6 that Cheney turned against Trump and became a resistance crusader. Until then, she supported Trump in Congress, voting with him on legislation 90% of the time.[v] Before he even ran for office, Cheney defended birtherism as to her and other neoconservatives, Obama’s identity as an American was called into question due to his ‘unwillingness to defend the US abroad’, and his ‘radical policy ideas’ of ending wars in the Middle East and of bringing troops home. In an interview with Larry King in 2009, Cheney, when asked about the birtherism conspiracy theory, said that “One of the reasons I think you see people so concerned about this issue is people are uncomfortable with having for the first time ever, I think, a president who seems so reluctant to defend the nation overseas,”[vi] After entertaining the very conspiracism she now claims is an enemy of US democracy, as Trump was a vocal peddler of birtherism, her shift from what many in the illiberal liberal class hated during the Bush years to beloved in the crusade for democracy has been fluid. Her record of despotism and cruelty has gone largely unquestioned.
Cheney’s advocacy for torture is perhaps her greatest moral failing. During Obama’s presidency, she called his Department of Justice the ‘Department of Jihad’, and she and her crude group, Keep America Safe, criticized Obama and his administration for allegedly softening American foreign policy and for Obama’s policy proposals, notably his call to shut down Guantanamo Bay.[vii] Keep America Safe was founded by Cheney and the neoconservative commentator Bill Kristol, who at the time said “The Left has dozens of organizations and tens of millions of dollars dedicated to undercutting the war on terror. The good guys need some help too.”[viii] The goal of the group was to stop what they perceived as the weakening of America under Obama. Bill Kristol is also an anti-Trump celebrity now, as the same criticisms he and Cheney made of Obama are made of Trump and his America First foreign policy doctrine.
They criticized Obama’s foreign policy despite his continuation of his predecessor’s penchant for endless war. Obama was seen as soft on terrorism and he was accused of coddling jihadists, however, his Department of Justice did not prosecute any CIA torturers, he did not shut down Guantanamo Bay, and his administration had Chelsea Manning tortured in a military facility to get to Julian Assange.[ix] When Obama left office in 2017, the US was still in Iraq and Afghanistan, and he had expanded Bush’s drone program further into the Middle East and into Africa. So contrary to the claims of Cheney and columnists like Kristol at the time, Obama oversaw the same militaristic foreign policy that Bush did. This part of Cheney’s background, just like Kristol’s, is overlooked by the anti-Trump cult as all that matters is one’s view on Trump. Even Bush’s image has been rehabilitated.
Cheney’s antagonism towards Trump is an aesthetic. Like many others, she is capitalizing on Trump and her memoir is little more than a part of the anti-Trump industry, a literary canon defined by hatred and vitriol directed at Trump, half of America, and anyone who would dare dissent from the permanent regime’s foreign policy agenda. Cheney is far more horrible and amoral than Trump could ever hope to be. When Trump nominated Gina Haspel to lead the CIA in 2018, and Haspel’s role in Bush’s torture regime was harshly criticized and many decried her nomination, Cheney argued that the ‘torture regime’ was not a torture regime, but an Enhanced Interrogation Program that was necessary to protect America from terrorism.[x] She tweeted amid the debate Haspel’s nomination sparked that “The Enhanced Interrogation Program saved lives, prevented attacks, & produced intel that led to Osama bin Laden. The techniques were the same as those used on our own people in the SERE program. No one should slander the brave men & women who carried out this crucial program.”[xi] This is complete bunk. The torture regime, yes, it was a torture regime, as the ‘techniques’ used on detainees were so abhorrent that they could not be used in the US because they would be unconstitutional, was created to force people to lie about Iraq so that Bush’s 2003 invasion could be justified.[xii] Like my mother always says, if you torture someone, they’ll tell you anything you want. Bush, Cheney, and the other cretins who had people tortured knew this, and not only that, but the people who were being tortured were arrested and detained without being charged or a trial. The ‘brave men and women’ who carried out the torture regime should all be in prison. A glimpse at what we can see in the infamous torture report compiled by The Senate Intelligence Committee in 2014 is shameful and nauseating. Cheney’s insistence that such depravity was necessary and just proves that she is not the moral better of Trump. Her fretting over Trump and his second term is an aesthetic, elevated by the anti-Trump cult and its industry of gunk literature and podcasts.
The illiberal liberal world is crammed with headlines expressing fright over Trump’s plans for 2024. Matt Ford wrote an article for The New Republic titled “If Trump Wins Again, There May Be No Stopping Him”, and the great warmonger Robert Kagan wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post titled “A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending.”[xiii] Politico published an article in response to Trump’s recent remark that he would be dictator “for one day” in an article titled “Trump’s ‘dictator’ remark puts 2024 campaign right where Biden wants it”, and apparently “Biden has expressed his fear to confidants that Trump would have unchecked power if he were to return to office, according to three people granted anonymity to speak about private discussions.”[xiv] That the Florida Democrats cancelled their 2024 primary to anoint Biden as the party nominee, despite him having challengers in Dean Phillips and Marianne Williamson, is not a cause for fear or concern. It was Politico who reported on this move by the Florida Democrats.[xv] If Biden and his campaign try to argue that Trump is a threat to democracy, and his remark that he’ll be a dictator for ‘one day’ will be used as evidence, then Trump and his campaign will be able to point to a myriad of evidence that Biden and his cronies have nothing but disdain for the democratic process, from the censoring of the Hunter Biden laptop story during the 2020 election cycle to the attempt to bar Trump from running in 2024 through invoking Section Three of the Fourteenth Amendment and tying him up with multiple bogus criminal indictments.
The Biden administration and the permanent regime are quickly losing whatever legitimacy they had. The war on Trump and his supporters is being waged to save the US oligarchy, not its democracy. The issue with Trump is that he is an embarrassment to the permanent regime, or what he calls the ‘deep state’, not that he is an authoritarian. All the people who are adamant that Trump is an authoritarian, that he is a reincarnation of Adolf Hitler, are also authoritarian- it takes one to know one.
Long Live the New Flesh
“Death to Videodrome! Long live The New flesh!”[xvi]– Max Renn
Those who work to paralyze us with fear over a second Trump term are missing what got him elected in the first place. The insistence that American voters must choose the lesser of two evils, otherwise a demagogue like Trump will win, was pushed in 2016 and then 2020. The same lesser of two evils strategy is being employed in overdrive leading into 2024. The Biden campaign and his operatives in the corporate media are trying to depict him as a savior of democracy, the last barricade in Trump’s way, and if your vote is for anyone but Biden, even if it isn’t directly for Trump, you are contributing to the downfall of the American Republic. The same fear mongering and Manichaeism that Trump and his band of goofballs pander is practised by Biden and his coterie of fiendish, horrendously corrupt oligarchs Democratic party functionaries. Trump declares his candidacy is a bulwark against the ‘Marxist deep state’, and Biden and the Democrats declare their fight is against the ‘Ultra MAGA’ Republicans. Meanwhile both major parties are united in a disastrous foreign policy underpinned by a fervent belief in Western exceptionalism which necessitates all-out economic warfare with the ‘bad’ countries. This includes North Korea, China, Russia, and Iran, who, in this knuckle dragging assessment of foreign affairs, are united in a new axis of evil. Even Trump and Vivek Ramaswamy, the only two outsider candidates running for the 2024 nomination, agree with the establishment narrative on the new axis of evil and the need for a more militaristic foreign policy. There will not be a lesser of two evils to select in 2024, and contrary to conventional wisdom in mainstream circles, Biden is not a lesser evil than Trump. Biden and others project their own authoritarianism onto Trump.
Trump continued the neoliberal project started and consolidated by Biden and the Clinton Democrats; he has not dismantled it. Trump has only erased the delusions of freedom and liberty that the neoliberal project pretended to contain and what’s left are what Karl Polanyi called the ‘bad freedoms’ of neoliberalism, freedom to exploit and so on.[xvii] Trump is an inevitable outgrowth of the very system that Biden and his ilk spent years building; he is the ultimate neoliberal. The difference between him and someone like Biden is that Trump is overt in his Manichean zero-sum worldview, where winning is both integral and entirely subjective, and his opposition are vermin. However, for Biden, his opposition are hapless deplorables who are subhuman. One is met with choruses of outrage in the corporate media while the other is coddled and treated like an addled grandfather in a retirement home.
Trump is hated and feared for what he represents, a mirror to those who created him, first through the neoliberal project and then through elevating him in the 2015/16 presidential race, and throughout his presidency. As Hedges writes in America: The Farewell Tour, “It is entertainment all the time. The media long ago gave up journalism to keep us amused. Trump was its creation.”[xviii] Trump is their Frankenstein gone rogue. Unable to pull the plug, the illiberal liberal class responsible for creating him and the political environment in which he thrives must resort to terrifying voters with comparisons to Hitler and Weimar Germany, a history they barely understand beyond what little of it is taught in high school history.
The Democrats are openly authoritarian, but to keep the Trump show running, he and his political movement must be portrayed as a Nazi like force that threatens to consume US democracy. As Neil Postman said, “It is not necessary to conceal anything from a public insensible to contradiction and narcotized by technological diversions.”[xix] The American people, Democrats included, are so numbed to contradictions and unreality that the lie that Biden and the Democratic party are the champions of freedom and democracy is allowed to fester and slowly corrode the American Republic. The technological diversions we are repeatedly duped by include social media, video games, and recycled, moronic Hollywood entertainment.
Many of us occupy a fantastical digital reality like that of David Cronenberg’s film Videodrome, in which a sadistic television program, Videodrome, is discovered by the president of a television station, Max Renn, and upon discovering Videodrome, he learns that it delivers a potent signal, resulting in brain tumors.[xx] In the final scene, Renn kills himself after uttering “Long live the new flesh”, and the ‘new flesh’ is the version of ourselves that transcends the material, however, the new flesh can only be occupied once the ‘old flesh’ is destroyed.[xxi] The reality we all live in is of our own making. If we choose to only read certain news sources, we can, and yet we will still consider ourselves informed citizens.
We are not killing our old flesh as Renn did in the final scene of Videodrome, we are paralyzing it, numbing it to fantasies and conspiracies. Those mesmerized by Trump are living out a fantasy, the Marxist media and Democratic party are out to convert their children to leftism and transgenderism.
Until a political platform based in reality, a return to the old flesh, emerges, there is no hope of countering the buffoonery of Trump and his likenesses. Biden offers a different illusion, a different reality, not a true vision of hope or prosperity. That is why the illiberal liberal class is so hostile to Trump and his supporters- he proves their vanity, emptiness, and despotism.
Conclusion
“As the 1930s wore on, the new Roman empire, the Fascist empire, was beginning to fray. As a circus master, Mussolini was still without peer, but Italy lacked the resources—and he the strategic prowess—to transform the political map of Europe. Not so Adolf Hitler.”[xxii]– Madeline Albright
The late Madeline Albright, former Secretary of State to Bill Clinton, wrote a book in 2018 called Fascism: A Warning, in which she provides a historical overview of fascist regimes throughout the 20th century, concluding with her assessment of Trump’s presidency and how to her, the international environment Trump was creating was eerily like the years before World War Two. Albright writes “I fear a return to the international climate that prevailed in the 1920s and ’30s, when the United States withdrew from the global stage and countries everywhere pursued what they perceived to be their own interests without regard to larger and more enduring goals.”[xxiii] The larger and more enduring goals she is referring to are those of the neoliberal globalist regime.
Albright was a proponent of liberal internationalism, famously saying that America is “the indispensable nation.”, and she also once said to former Secretary of State Colin Powell during a debate over using military force in the war in Yugoslavia, “What’s the use of having this superb military you’re always talking about if we can’t use it?”[xxiv] To Albright, the military is a plaything, and soldiers and their machinery are little more than toys to be smashed around and blown to bits all over the world. Like Henry Kissinger, Albright served as a constant source of foreign policy counsel and ‘wisdom’. Like other liberal internationalists, team Trump represented its antithesis. His transactional approach to trade and alliances, desire to reassess the US free trade regime imposed by his predecessors, and his fondness for dictators abroad are all seen as evidence of Trump’s damage to the US led liberal world order. Albright, like many in her circle, see the ideology of Trump and his cohorts as a return to the US before World War Two. Thus, the fear that the world will once again plunge into a total war with forces of evil is justified. The difference this time is that as well as a state like Russia or China being that evil, the US will become a malignant force as well.
Albright argues that the return of xenophobia and racism to mainstream political discourse in the US, because of Trump’s own xenophobia and racism, is an example of the signposts that can lead to fascism, and she writes “We are not there yet, but these feel like signposts on the road back to an era when Fascism found nourishment and individual tragedies were multiplied millions-fold.”[xxv] What she misses is that the hysteria over Trump’s presidency covered up what made him viable in the first place, and what makes him viable still. Albright, like Cheney, long championed a wasteful foreign policy that symbolized what Trump and his supporters refer to as ‘America last’.
Albright, who argues that between George Washington and Obama, America developed an image of goodwill around the world strong enough to withstand the Trump wrecking ball, is, like Cheney, not the moral better of Trump. Her involvement in crushing sanctions on Iraq, coupled with her statement on 60 Minutes that starving children was worth the risk, which she later admitted was foolish, alone prove that she has no moral high ground over Trump or his supporters.[xxvi] The signposts leading to fascism have been up and blaring for decades, and as Hedges argues, Trump and his cretinous bunch represent the last stage in the shift towards corporate totalitarianism.[xxvii]
Albright’s book is nothing more than a desperate attempt to argue that Trump is not a crisis that resulted from the neoliberal international system she advocated for, but a crisis that is the result of right-wing media and the xenophobia of the white working class. She argues that until Trump came along, “Americans have never heard a president speak with such persistent scorn about U.S. institutions.”[xxviii] This is preposterous and shows how people like her live in an elitist bubble, and Trump expressed scorn for US institutions because those who support him feel that same scorn. His expressions of rage and resentment are a representation of what many in the US feel. Albright is not alone in ignoring these sentiments. She frets about a potential coming of fascisms, but a major contributor to that looming threat, institutions that have utterly discredited themselves, allowing a demagogue like Trump to rise to power channeling distrust and rage, is apparently not to blame.
One of the institutions that has discredited itself is the foreign policy establishment, the blob as some call it. Albright cannot see it that way, as to see that would require a rethinking of how she and other liberal internationalists view the world system. Albright and other foreign policy luminaries, like Antony Blinken, John Ikenberry, and Michael Mandelbaum, see Trump as a threat to their rule, not the rule the demos.
[i] Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, 1944.
[ii] Videodrome. Universal Pictures, 1983.
[iii] Vargas, Ramon Antonio. “Liz Cheney Hopes for Democratic Win with US ‘Sleepwalking into Dictatorship.’” The Guardian, December 4, 2023, sec. US news. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/04/liz-cheney-support-democrats-trump-dictatorship.
[iv] Miller, Katherine. “The Resolute Cheney.” The New York Times, December 5, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/opinion/liz-cheney-memoir.html.
[v] Aleem, Zeeshan. “How Liz Cheney Helped Create Her Own Downfall.” MSNBC.com, August 20, 2022. https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/liz-cheney-s-jan-6-awakening-does-not-absolve-her-n1298097.
[vi] Aleem. “How Liz Cheney Helped Create Her Own Downfall.”
[vii] Smith, Ben. “Liz Cheney Takes on ‘Radical’ W.H.” POLITICO, October 13, 2009. https://www.politico.com/story/2009/10/liz-cheney-takes-on-radical-wh-028212.
[viii] Smith. “Liz Cheney Takes on ‘Radical’ W.H.” and Montopoli, Brian. “Liz Cheney Launches Group to ‘Keep America Safe.’” http://www.cbsnews.com, October 13, 2009. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/liz-cheney-launches-group-to-keep-america-safe/.
[ix] PoKempner, Dinah. “Chelsea Manning Commutation Doesn’t Erase Obama’s Awful Whistleblower Legacy | Human Rights Watch.” Human Rights Watch, January 19, 2017. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/19/chelsea-manning-commutation-doesnt-erase-obamas-awful-whistleblower-legacy.
[x] Johnson, Jake. “As Haspel Nomination Reopens Dark CIA Chapter, Liz Cheney Leads Pack of Torture Apologists.” http://www.commondreams.org, March 15, 2018. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2018/03/15/haspel-nomination-reopens-dark-cia-chapter-liz-cheney-leads-pack-torture-apologists.
[xi] Cheney, Liz. “Tweet by Liz Cheney.” X, 2018. https://twitter.com/Liz_Cheney/status/973673412785827840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E973673412785827840%7Ctwgr%5E9dbe94a1b3184dafd58c582e50b5439ae6bec35b%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F03%2F15%2Fhaspel-nomination-reopens-dark-cia-chapter-liz-cheney-leads-pack-torture-apologists.
[xii] Tayler, Letta, and Elisa Epstein. “Legacy of the ‘Dark Side.’” Human Rights Watch, January 9, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/09/legacy-dark-side.
[xiii] Ford, Matt. “If Trump Wins Again, There May Be No Stopping Him.” The New Republic, November 29, 2023. https://newrepublic.com/article/177149/trump-wins-again-may-no-stopping., and
[xiv] Kagan, Robert. “Opinion | a Trump Dictatorship Is Increasingly Inevitable. We Should Stop Pretending.” Washington Post, November 30, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/11/30/trump-dictator-2024-election-robert-kagan/.
[xv] Otterbein, Holly, and Gary Fineout. “Florida Democrats Plan to Cancel Presidential Primary, Enraging Dean Phillips’ Campaign.” POLITICO, November 30, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/30/florida-democrats-dean-phillips-election-00129403.
[xvi] Videodrome.
[xvii] Polanyi. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
[xviii] Hedges, Chris. America: The Farewell Tour. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018.
[xix] Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Showbusiness. London: Methuen, 2007.
[xx] Videodrome.
[xxi] VIdeodrome.
[xxii] Albright, Madeleine. Fascism: A Warning. HarperCollins, 2019.
[xxiii] Albright. Fascism: A Warning.
[xxiv] Albright. Fascism: A Warning.
[xxv] Albright. Fascism: A Warning.
[xxvi] Albright. Fascism: A Warning.
[xxvii] Hedges. America: The Farewell Tour.
[xxviii] Albright. Fascism: A Warning.
References
Albright, Madeleine. Fascism: A Warning. HarperCollins, 2019.
Aleem, Zeeshan. “How Liz Cheney Helped Create Her Own Downfall.” MSNBC.com, August 20, 2022. https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/liz-cheney-s-jan-6-awakening-does-not-absolve-her-n1298097.
Cheney, Liz. “Tweet by Liz Cheney.” X, 2018. https://twitter.com/Liz_Cheney/status/973673412785827840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E973673412785827840%7Ctwgr%5E9dbe94a1b3184dafd58c582e50b5439ae6bec35b%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F03%2F15%2Fhaspel-nomination-reopens-dark-cia-chapter-liz-cheney-leads-pack-torture-apologists.
Featherstone, Liza. “Madeleine Albright Was a Killer.” jacobin.com, March 24, 2022. https://jacobin.com/2022/03/madeleine-albright-death-un-ambassador-iraq-sanctions/.
Ford, Matt. “If Trump Wins Again, There May Be No Stopping Him.” The New Republic, November 29, 2023. https://newrepublic.com/article/177149/trump-wins-again-may-no-stopping.
Hedges, Chris. America: The Farewell Tour. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018.
Johnson, Jake. “As Haspel Nomination Reopens Dark CIA Chapter, Liz Cheney Leads Pack of Torture Apologists.” http://www.commondreams.org, March 15, 2018. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2018/03/15/haspel-nomination-reopens-dark-cia-chapter-liz-cheney-leads-pack-torture-apologists.
Kagan, Robert. “Opinion | a Trump Dictatorship Is Increasingly Inevitable. We Should Stop Pretending.” Washington Post, November 30, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/11/30/trump-dictator-2024-election-robert-kagan/.
Lemire, Jonathan, and Myah Ward. “Trump’s ‘Dictator’ Remark Puts 2024 Campaign Right Where Biden Wants It.” POLITICO, December 7, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/07/trumps-dictator-2024-campaign-biden-00130488.
Miller, Katherine. “The Resolute Cheney.” The New York Times, December 5, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/opinion/liz-cheney-memoir.html.
Montopoli, Brian. “Liz Cheney Launches Group to ‘Keep America Safe.’” http://www.cbsnews.com, October 13, 2009. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/liz-cheney-launches-group-to-keep-america-safe/.
Otterbein, Holly, and Gary Fineout. “Florida Democrats Plan to Cancel Presidential Primary, Enraging Dean Phillips’ Campaign.” POLITICO, November 30, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/30/florida-democrats-dean-phillips-election-00129403.
PoKempner, Dinah. “Chelsea Manning Commutation Doesn’t Erase Obama’s Awful Whistleblower Legacy | Human Rights Watch.” Human Rights Watch, January 19, 2017. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/19/chelsea-manning-commutation-doesnt-erase-obamas-awful-whistleblower-legacy.
Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, 1944.
Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Showbusiness. London: Methuen, 2007.
Smith, Ben. “Liz Cheney Takes on ‘Radical’ W.H.” POLITICO, October 13, 2009. https://www.politico.com/story/2009/10/liz-cheney-takes-on-radical-wh-028212.
Tayler, Letta, and Elisa Epstein. “Legacy of the ‘Dark Side.’” Human Rights Watch, January 9, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/09/legacy-dark-side.
Vargas, Ramon Antonio. “Liz Cheney Hopes for Democratic Win with US ‘Sleepwalking into Dictatorship.’” The Guardian, December 4, 2023, sec. US news. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/04/liz-cheney-support-democrats-trump-dictatorship.
Videodrome. Universal Pictures, 1983.
Not Without Incident: Questioning Big Brother's Platitudes 
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